Hard failure

Punctured insulation, welded contacts, exploded capacitors, and destroyed IGBT/MOSFET modules are obvious post-strike failures.

Latent damage

Partial insulation stress can leave equipment running but fragile. Intermittent trips, mysterious PLC resets, and shortened LED driver life often trace back to repeated surges.

Business impact

Downtime, spoiled batches, lost access-control events, and emergency callouts usually cost more than a properly staged SPD system.